Recent data collected by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) shows that the share of female inventors among applicants for international patents was highest in Cuba and the Philippines in 2021. Worldwide, the share of women applicants stood at only 17 percent. Cuba, which only irregularly reports figures to WIPO, very much exceeded the global average with more than half of all registered patent applicants being women in 2021, as did the Philippines, where last year 38 percent of inventors were female.
Portugal was the highest-ranked European country in rank 3, followed by Romania in rank 6 and Spain in rank 10. Spanish-speaking countries were featured heavily among the top 10 and also included Costa Rica, Peru and Chile. Ranking above average was China at 24 percent of female inventors. Other major European countries like Germany and the UK, but also Italy and Sweden, stayed behind the global average. The United States and France ranked about average. One of the poorest performance was given by Japan with only 10 percent of women inventors. Similarly low scores were achieved by India, the UAE and Indonesia.
The pandemic, as in many other social and economical aspects, has most likely had an effect on the conditions of women in science. While not specifically addressed by studies on the impact of the pandemic on women, its impact on women in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) workforce is likely to manifest in a greater gender gap than was documented pre-pandemic.
Just as a gender gap exists in the STEM workforce, a gender gap also exists in patenting activity. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Intellectual Property (IP) Statistics Data Center, the share of female inventors out of all inventors named on Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications filed in 2020 was 16%. While the share of PCT applications filed in 2020 that included at least one female inventor was higher at 32%, this number still indicates that over two-thirds of the PCT applications did not include any female inventors.
Using the patent process to help close the gender gap in the STEM workforce will benefit not only organizations but also women. The STEM gender gap goes beyond headcount. Women in STEM also lag behind their male counterparts financially and from a leadership perspective. Increasing women’s participation in patenting activity will yield higher job satisfaction and headcount retention among women, which will allow women greater opportunities to rise to leadership positions in STEM, which in turn will help increase their earnings.
The Wold Economic Forum (WEF) analyzed Western Digital’s patent program a few years ago, and they discovered that women comprised 21% of our technical staff but only 11% of our inventors. Our turnover rate for voluntary turnover was 10.7%, which was below the industry average of 13% and equivalent for men and women.
Western Digital conducted surveys to identify the factors that were limiting the number of women participating in the innovation process. The WEF learned that women often believe that an invention cannot be patented if it is not perfect. Educating women that perfection is not required to submit an invention disclosure may help increase participation in the process.
One of the lessons learned was that one of the key factors discouraging women from participating in the patent process is a lack of information – both an actual lack (“information gap”) and a perceived lack (“confidence gap”). Teaching female technologists about the patent process will give them both the information that they need and confidence in their knowledge. As a result, female technologists will participate more in the patent process.
At Western Digital, the WEF created She Invents, a female inventor program, to increase participation in patenting activity by our female technologists. This established mentoring programs, where more-experienced inventors could share their knowledge of Western Digital’s patent process with less-experienced female inventors. Specifically, the mentors help mentees identify potentially patent-worthy ideas, submit those ideas for patent consideration, and turn approved ideas into patent applications.
The She Invents program also added women to patent review committees. Serving on these committees gives women in-depth knowledge of Western Digital’s patent process, which enables them to mentor and advise less-experienced inventors (especially female technologists, who might be more comfortable approaching a female committee member).
The WEF also began to track the progress of our female inventors, something that had not been measured before. Tracking the percentage increase in the number of patent submissions by women is key, since it indicates to what extent the various initiatives of the She Invents program are successful. That data can then inform which initiatives to continue or which new initiatives to develop in the future.
Since the program was first announced internally in May 2020, female participation in the patent program has increased by 27%. As women participate more in the patent process, they accumulate knowledge (e.g., regarding patent law and state-of-the-art technology) and realize the value of their own ideas. This, in turn, fuels their professional development and gives them confidence to voice their ideas. As a result, the women experience higher job satisfaction and rise within the leadership ranks.
Approaches like these can help tackle the chronically lower numbers of women in technical fields. Few women enter STEM fields (only around 33% worldwide, according to UNESCO) and fewer women stay. Women employed in STEM are 807% more likely to leave their field than professional women (odds ratio = 9.07). This occurs because women in STEM move to non-STEM jobs at very high rates, not because women in STEM fields disproportionately move out of the labor force. Also, the greatest attrition out-of-field occurs during the first few years of employment in STEM jobs.
Patents can help position women for longer careers and leadership positions, especially since in technical fields patents are linked to promotion. In 2006, for example, Texas A&M University voted to include inventions in its tenure and promotion decisions, with other universities following suit. The increased market value that patenting yields for firms may also make patenting activities more integral for certain positions or serve as a requirement for career advancement for industry scientists.
Women – even in the innovation economy – earn a fraction of what men earn. In many technical fields, patents are linked to salary increases and monetary incentives. Inventors with patents consistently earn higher incomes on average than non-inventors, even controlling for occupation, migrant status, and other factors. In other words, people who participate in patenting activity are more likely to earn more money. Therefore, increasing women’s participation in the patent process can help close the wage gender gap.
By giving women the information and knowledge they need, it is possible to increase the number of female inventors participating in the patent process, and ultimately help the next generation of women close the gender gap in the STEM workforce.
