A recent study has reignited the longstanding debate about how the ancient Egyptians constructed the iconic pyramids, suggesting that hydraulic technology might have played a pivotal role. Published in the Public Library of Science journal, the study posits that the Egyptians could have used advanced water-based methods, challenging traditional theories that emphasise manual labour and primitive tools.
Traditionally, it is believed that the pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, were built using a combination of sleds, ramps, and sheer manpower. These methods, while effective, have long been questioned due to the incredible size and weight of the stones used. The researchers propose that the builders may have employed a hydraulic lift system, which allowed them to move the massive stone blocks with greater ease. This theory is supported by evidence of water channels and basins found near pyramid construction sites, which could have been integral to such a system.
“This work opens a new line of research: the use of hydraulic force to erect the massive structures built by Pharaohs,” the researchers explained. “We have uncovered a possible explanation for how the pyramids were built involving hydraulic force.”
The theory has gained traction due to its alignment with the known environmental conditions of ancient Egypt. The Sahara Desert’s more frequent rainfall and occasional flooding throughout the region would have provided a consistent and reliable power source for such a system.
“The theorised water treatment system would not only allow for water control during flood events but also would have ensured adequate water quality and quantity for both consumption and irrigation purposes and for transportation or construction,” said Dr. Guillaume Piton, co-author of the study and researcher at the INRAE institute.
While the hypothesis is compelling, it is not without its critics. Some experts argue that the evidence for hydraulic lift technology in ancient Egypt is more likely on a smaller construction scale. They point out that there is no direct archaeological evidence, such as remnants of hydraulic machinery or detailed records, to conclusively prove the theory.
Other archaeologists argue that even in times of a wetter climate, “the low rainfall would not be able to fill the structures to the extent needed for a hydraulic lift, and furthermore would not be able to keep up with the water loss within the structure’s limestone”, according to Dr. Fabian Welc, Archaeology Institute director at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland.
Despite the criticism, the study has garnered attention for its innovative approach to a centuries-old mystery. While traditional theories of pyramid construction remain dominant and the authors conclude that further research is required, this new study opens the door to new possibilities. Notably, suggesting that the Egyptians may have been far more advanced in their engineering capabilities than previously thought.
